Rhbill

lhe  Reproductive Health Bill, informally known as the  RH Bill, are  proposed laws  in theRepublic of the Philippines  aiming to guarantee universal access to methods oncontraception,  abortion, fertility control,  sexual education, and maternal care. [1] There are presently two bills with the same intended goals: House  Bill # 4244 –  An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Policy on Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive Health, and Population and Development, and For Other Purposes * Senate  Bill # 2378 –  An Act Providing For a National Policy on Reproductive Health and Population and Development While there is general agreement about its provisions on maternal and child health, there is great debate on its key proposal that the Philippine government and the private sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution of family planning devices such as  condoms,birth control pills  (BCPs) and  IUDs, as the government continues to disseminat e information on their use through all health care centers.On October 2012, a revised version of the same bill was presently re-named to  Responsible Parenthood Act  and was filed in the  House of Representatives  as a result of re-introducing the bill under a different impression after overwhelming opposition in the country, especially from the  Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines[2][3]. The bill is highly divisive, with experts, academics, religious institutions, and major political figures supporting and opposing it, often criticizing the government and each other in the process. Debates and rallies proposing and opposing the bills, with tens of thousands of opposition particularly those endorsed by the  bishops  of the  Roman Catholic Church  and various other conservative groups, have been happening nationwide. Stated purposeOne of the main concerns of the bill, according to the Explanatory Note, is that the population of the Philippines makes it à ¢â‚¬Å"the 12th most populous nation in the world today†, that the Filipino women’s fertility rate is â€Å"at the upper bracket of 206 countries. † It states that studies and surveys â€Å"show that the Filipinos are responsive to having smaller-sized families through free choice of family planning methods. † It also refers to studies which â€Å"show that rapid population growth exacerbates poverty while poverty spawns rapid population growth. † And so it aims for improved quality of life through a â€Å"consistent and coherent national population policy. [4] As policy it states that the State â€Å"guarantees universal access to medically-safe, legal, affordable, effective and quality reproductive health care services, methods, devices, supplies and relevant information and education thereon even as it prioritizes the needs of women and children, among other underprivileged sectors. â€Å"[4] Philippine Daily Inquirer First Posted 20:18:00 08/1 6/2008 Filed Under:  Family,  Family planning,  Laws IN THE INTEREST OF FAIR PLAY, WE ARE RUNNING TWO ARTICLES THAT HOLD views opposite of the proposed Reproductive Health and Population Development Act of 2008. The articles featured today are in response to the two articles written by Albay Rep.Edcel Lagman, principal author of the reproductive health bill, and printed in this section on Aug. 3. Lagman? s first article highlighted the main features of the measure, while his second noted the campaign to discredit it. He claimed that the bill was not anti-life and that it would not interfere with family life, legalize abortion, promote contraceptive mentality and impose a two-child policy. Lagman also claimed that Humanae Vitae was not an infallible doctrine. Besides the articles of the head of the Legal Office of the Catholic Bishops? Conference of the Philippines and of a former senator, Talk of the Town received responses from Catholic groups and individuals countering Lagma n? s views. The responses came from Fr.Virgilio Delfin of the Diocese of Malaybalay, Pet Palma Dureza of Quezon City, Maria Concepcion S. Noche of the Alliance for the Family Foundation Philippines, Jose Fernandez of the Family Life Apostolate of St. John the Baptist Parish in Taytay, Rizal, and Minyong Ordonez, a retired chair of the Paris-based Publicis Communications Group. Talk of the Town also received an e-mail from Felix Libreto, a professor at the UP Open University, and a position paper of 26 economists from the University of the Philippines supporting the bill. Because of limited space, this section cannot print all the reactions to Lagman? s articles. * * * Reckless and irresponsible By Jo Imbong REP.EDCEL LAGMAN, THE PRINCIPAL AUTHOR OF THE proposed Reproductive Health and Population Development Act of 2008 asserts, among others, that the bill is neither antilife nor antifamily, that contraceptives are not life-threatening and that the bill does not impose a two-child po licy. Prolife? To value human life is to respect and protect life in all its seasons. ?Human life begins at fertilization.? (Records of the Constitutional Commission, Vol. IV, Sept. 18, 1986, pp. 761, 801) hence, ? the State shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception.? (Constitution, Article II, Section 12). Lagman said in a House hearing that the bill would protect human life ? from implantation.? By that token, the zygote not yet in the mother? s womb is not protected. Pills and the IUD hinder implantation of the embryo in the uterus, thereby precipitating the embryo? s destruction. That is abortion.And yet, ? every child †¦ needs appropriate legal protection before as well as after birth (UN Convention on the Rights of the Child). Not life-threatening? Records are rife of perforation of the uterus and serious pelvic infections in women with IUDs that public midwives have refused to extract. The Mayo Foundation found that oral cont raceptives are associated with an increase risk of breast cancer. DepoProvera increases a woman? s risk for chlamydia and gonorrhea. Oral contraceptives containing cyproterone increase risk of deep venous blood clots. Levonorgestrel is banned in this country as the Bureau of Food and Drugs found it to be abortifacient.Life-threatening ectopic pregnancies occur in mothers long after undergoing tubal ligation, particularly those sterilized before age 30. Contraceptives as essential medicines? Contraceptives do not treat any medical condition. Fertility is not a disease. It attests to health! The bill targets ? the poor, needy and marginalized.? This is most unkind to them whose real needs are jobs, skills, education, lucrative opportunities, nutrition, and essential medicines for anemia, tuberculosis, infections and childhood diseases. Remember, every citizen has the right to health (Art. II, Sec. 15), hence, the State has a duty to protect the citizens against dangerous substances (C onstitution, Art. XVI, Sec. 9), and protect women in their maternal function (Art. XIII,Sec. 4). Family friendly? The ? encouragement? to have two children is manipulation both brazen and subtle. It can set the stage for a stronger application of the recommendation through legislative amendments. Spouses have a basic, original, intrinsic and inviolable right ? to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood? (Art. XV, Sec. 3 [1]). This includes their right to progeny. The bill mocks parents with fine and imprisonment in refusing to expose their children to mandatory ? age-appropriate? reproductive health education starting Grade 5 outside the loving confines of home and family.Vulnerable and malleable, our children will be taught ? adolescent reproductive health? and ? the full range of information on family planning methods, services and facilities? for six years. This is child abuse of the highest order. And yet, ? every c hild has the right to be brought up in an atmosphere of morality and rectitude for the enrichment and strengthening of his character.? (Child and Youth Welfare Code) The †¦ care and nurtur[ance] of the child reside first in the parents (Article II, Sec. 12, Constitution), whose primary function and freedom include preparation for obligations the state can neither supply nor hinder. (Brantley v. Surles, 718 F. 2d. 354,1358-59) The State did not create the family, and ? the child is not a creature of the State.? (Pierce vs. Society of Sisters, 268, U. S. 510, 535. ) That is the law of nature, and no human institution has authority to amend it. Quality of life? The bill wants to ? uplift the quality of life of the people.? Population control started in 1976 ? to increase the share of each Filipino in the fruits of economic progress.? In other words — to eliminate poverty. Has it? The General Appropriations Act of 2008 earmarks an enormous amount for ? family planning and re productive health services,? including contraceptives. For the Department of Health it is P3. 19 billion; for Popcom — P386. million, quite apart from funds for other agencies of government and local government units for the same programs. Add $2. 4 million from the United Nations Population Fund for population and development and reproductive health for 2008, plus $2. 2 million for 2009. Today? s average family has three children compared with seven in the ? 70s. But the billions of pesos spent have not reduced poverty or benefited the poor. If Congress passes this bill, it wagers the future of the country. Citizens have a right to resist misplaced and irresponsible exercise of authority because the good of the people is the supreme law. Salus populi est suprema lex.The path of irresponsible legislation is a dreadful path: If an act is made legal, it will be perceived as moral. If an act is perceived as moral, it will become a norm. If it is observed by all as a norm, then i t is too late. By then, you will have changed the culture. That is not simply reckless. It is the ultimate breach of public trust. (Jo Imbong, a lawyer, is the executive secretary of the Legal office of the Catholic Bishops? Conference of the Philippines and consultant to the CBCP Episcoal Commission on Family and Life. ) * * * No place for the RH bill in our law By Francisco S. Tatad THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH bill in the House of Representatives is being presented as a health bill and an antipoverty bill at the same time. It is neither.It is not what its authors say it is; it is everything they say it is not. It is an ideological attack on human life, the family, and our social and cultural values. The bill rests on a flawed premise; it is unnecessary, unconstitutional, oppressive of religious belief and destructive of public morals and family values. Its enactment into law will only deepen the already frightening ignorance about the real issues. It should be rejected. 1. Flawed prem ise Our population growth rate (National Statistics Office) is 2. 04 percent, total fertility rate (TFR) is 3. 02. The CIA World Factbook has lower figures — growth rate, 1. 728 percent; TFR, 3. 00. Our population density is 277 per square km.GDP per capita (PPP) is $3,400. Fifty other countries have a much lower density, yet their per capita is also much lower. Thirty-six countries are more densely populated, yet their GDP per capita is also much higher. Are the few then always richer, the many always poorer? Not at all. Our median age is 23 years. In 139 other countries it is as high as 45. 5 years (Monaco). This means a Filipino has more productive years ahead of him than his counterpart in the rich countries where the graying and dying population is no longer being replaced because of negative birth rates. Our long-term future is bright, because of a vibrant and dynamic population. 2. UnnecessaryWomen who say they should be free to contracept (regardless of what the moral law or science says) are not being prevented from doing so, as witness the 50-percent contraceptive prevalence rate. It is a free market. But as we are not a welfare state, taxpayers have no duty to provide the contraceptives to try and cure pregnancy, which is not a disease. The State? s duty is to protect women from real diseases. At least 80 women die every day from heart diseases, 63 from vascular diseases, 51 from cancer, 45 from pneumonia, 23 from tuberculosis, 22 from diabetes; 16 from lower chronic respiratory diseases. Why are our lawmakers not demanding free medicines and services for all those afflicted?Indeed, maternal death could be brought down to zero just by providing adequate basic and emergency obstetrics-care facilities and skilled medical services to women. The local officials of Gattaran, Cagayan and Sorsogon City have shown this. Why do our lawmakers insist on stuffing our women with contraceptives and abortifacients instead? In 2005, the cancer research arm o f the World Health Organization concluded that oral contraceptives cause breast, liver and cervical cancer. Shouldn? t our lawmakers demand that contraceptives be banned or at least labeled as ? cancer-causing,? or ? dangerous to women? s health Why do they want them classified as ? essential medicines? instead? 3. Unconstitutional a. ) The Philippines is a democratic and republican State.Yet the bill seems to assume we are a centrally planned economy or a totalitarian State, which controls the private lives of its citizens. Truth is, there are certain activities of man as man where the individual is completely autonomous from the State. Just as the State may not tell a politician or a journalist how or when to think, write or speak, it may not enter the bedroom and tell married couples how or when to practice marital love. b. ) Article II, Section 12 of the Constitution says: ? The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic a utonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception.The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government.? The use of ? sanctity? makes State obedience to God? s laws not only a solemn teaching of the Church, but also an express constitutional mandate. Now, when the State binds itself to ? equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception,? it necessarily binds itself not to do anything to prevent even one married woman from conceiving. A state-funded contraceptive program is an abomination. 4. Oppressive of religious belief The bill seeks to tell the Catholic majority not to listen to the Church and to listen to anti-Catholic politicians instead.It seeks to establish a program which Catholic taxpayers will fund in order to attack a doctrine of their faith. Is there a worse despotism? Would the same people do the same thing to the followers of Islam or some politically active religious pressure group? The pro-RH lobby claims surveys have shown that most Catholic women want to use contraception, regardless of what the Church says about it. It is a desperate attempt to show that right or wrong can now be reduced to what you like or dislike. The truth is never the result of surveys. Contraception is wrong not because the Church has banned it; the Church has banned it because it is wrong. No amount of surveys can change that. 5. Destructive of public moralsThe bill seeks to impose a hedonistic sex-oriented lifestyle that aims to reduce the conjugal act to a mere exchange of physical sensations between two individuals and marriage to a purely contraceptive partnership. Not only is it hedonistic, it is above all eugenicist. It seeks to eliminate the poor and the ? socially unfit.? While it neither mandates a two-child family nor legalizes a bortion, it prepares the ground for both. In 1974, the US National Security Study Memorandum 200, titled ? Implications of Worldwide Population Growth for US Security and Overseas Interests,? launched the two-child family as a global population policy to be achieved by 2000.But ? no country has reduced its population growth without resorting to abortion,? said that document. Now you know what? s next, and where it? s all coming from. MANILA, Philippines—Hundreds of people, some arriving in private vehicles and others on foot, gathered outside the Edsa Shrine at a usually suburban Manila intersection Saturday for what church leaders had described as a massive prayer rally to show Congress most Filipinos were against the reproductive health bill pending in legislature for years. Many of the faithful, who braved intermittent rains and occasional winds, stood under umbrellas as they waited for the rally to get underway.Bishop Gabriel Reyes, chair of the Episcopal Commission on Fa mily and Life of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines, was spotted in the area. So was Father Melvin Castro, the commission’s executive secretary. Maribel Descallar, operations director of the commission, said the program was to start at 1:00 p. m. Senior Superintendent Antonio Gumiran, deputy district director for operations, told the Inquirer they expected a crowd of at least 3,000 people. Organizers said Friday they were expecting up to 50,000 people at the rally. Gumiran refused to say how many policemen were deployed in the area but only a few were visible to an inquirer reporter toward noon Saturday.The Catholic Church has started to bring out the big guns in its campaign against the reproductive health (RH) bill. Manila Archbishop Luis Antonio Tagle on Thursday issued a circular urging the faithful to converge at the Edsa Shrine on Saturday for a Mass and rally against the bill. â€Å"Relying on the power of prayer and the necessity of informed a wareness, we will gather together to be informed, enlightened and emboldened once more. We also wish to express why we believe the reproductive health bill is not the solution to our many problems as individuals and as a country as it will even give rise to many other problems more pernicious and pervasive than the ones we face in the present,† Tagle said. I enjoin all parish priests and leaders of communities and lay movements to rally their members and endorse participation in this important gathering aimed at communicating a strong and sincere appeal to the goodwill of our legislators,† Tagle said in his letter. The prayer rally will be a show of force for the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) after President Benigno Aquino in his State of the Nation Address (Sona) last week urged the swift passage of the bill, which would provide universal access and information on natural and modern family methods and reduce the number of mothers and babi es dying during childbirth. On August 7, the House will vote on whether to wrap up debate and move the bill forward. CBCP officials said they would have a vigil at the House on the eve of the vote and that mass actions would also be held in other dioceses. Time for a votePresident Aquino said Thursday it was time to put the bill to a vote. â€Å"I hope that the point when we need to vote comes. Otherwise, Congress may have already adjourned and we’re still in the period of debate; so we won’t know what the people want. Perhaps the debate should be wrapped up, and we should make a decision on this so-called responsible parenthood bill once and for all,† Mr. Aquino told reporters in an ambush interview. On the anti-RH rally, Mr. Aquino said: â€Å"We’re all prolife, aren’t we? We want an improved quality of life for our countrymen. So that is their right and I’m sure they will not endeavor to do anything against the law. So we will secure thi s rally if it pushes through. Malacanang on Thursday also shrugged off an announcement that former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who is now a Pampanga representative, will vote against the measure and that seven of her allies had withdrawn sponsorship of the measure. Communications Secretary Ricky Carandang said that Arroyo and Catholic bishops have been vocal about their opposition to the bill. He said the Church’s invitation to her to join the anti-RH rally should not be given political meaning. Arroyo was freed last week from eight months of hospital arrest after posting bail on election sabotage charges against her. â€Å"I would not want to speak on behalf of the bishops about whether or not this is leading to some kind of support for the former President.This is a measure that should not be viewed in stark political terms because it actually got societal implications,† he said in a briefing. Not Aquino-Arroyo showdown A vote on the bill should not be seen as a showdown between Mr. Aquino, the bill’s chief campaigner, and Arroyo, Carandang said. â€Å"It’s an important measure and we’re not viewing it in terms of partisan politics. It’s something that we feel is long overdue. It needs to be done, and we’re doing it in that context. I understand that there are observers who are viewing this (showdown) in that way, but we’re simply looking at it right now as a measure that has oppositors, that needs to go through the process and we’ll leave it at that,† he said.Carandang said Malacanang respected the withdrawal of support by some lawmakers, but did not view the entire anti-RH bill campaign as â€Å"Arroyo’s effort. † â€Å"We respect the democratic space in which the debate is being undertaken. At the same time, we hope that our friends in Congress will see the wisdom of this measure,† he added. While Catholic bishops have counted 140 lawmakers as opposed to the measure based on survey and public consultations, Carandang said it was too early to tell whether the administration had the numbers to defeat them. â€Å"You can never tell until the vote is there. But we are confident that we have support,† he said. â€Å"We’re hoping that those of us who are on the administration’s side will continue to support this effort. †

Critical Review of three Scholarly Journal Articles Essay

One of the most important finding generated by this paper is the effects of race on the view that police is biased on race. This includes racial profiling of police where Black or minority group in general are most like stopped by police than White American. In all four models, blacks and Hispanics are more likely than whites to believe that police bias is a problem (Weitzer & Tuch, 2005). Blacks however, according to this article perceives police bias more of a problem than Hispanics. One interesting subset of this is that Blacks tend to perceive police discrimination against Hispanics than Hispanics see themselves. So that Black Americans tend to see that Hispanic drivers are being racially profiled compared to white drivers. Another important finding presented by this article is the role of media in shaping the perceptions of people regarding racial discrimination. People who frequently hear or read about incidents of police misconduct, as transmitted by the media, are inclined to conclude that the police engage in racial profi ling, are prejudiced, and discriminate against minority individuals and neighborhoods (Weitzer & Tuchs, 2005). The data gathering method and analysis technique used in this article is solid considering that it is based on a national survey of national survey of 1,792 white, African American, and Hispanic adult residents of U. S. metropolitan areas with at least 100,000 population (Weitzer & Tuch, 2005). The survey results where advantageous in the sense that oversampling African Americans and Hispanics, in contrast to the small number of minority respondents common to other surveys. Another advantageous factor is the tapping of both attitudes toward police and personal and vicarious experiences with the police. Another very important correction factor they have added is idea that there are differences in the number of households with phone access from the three different races, Black, Hispanics and White American. This is very important consideration since the data was collected using random dialing of phone numbers. So in general the data was very reliable. Race-Based Policing: A Descriptive Analysis of the Wichita Stop Study Unlike the previous article which discusses racial discrimination of policing in a wider perspective, this article focuses on racial profiling. The results of this rigorous effort put on the analysis of enforcement pattern do not prove race-based policing. The result of this document instead provides guidance for what are needed on studies to determine if race is a significant determinant for police to decide whether to stop them for inspection or not. According to this article, in order to fully understand the results of these decisions we must document the process by which these decisions are made (Withrow, 2004). Unfortunately, nothing in this data-set or any similar data-set is capable of such an analysis (Withrow, 2004). Although important findings emphasized by this study is that police awareness of the incorrect conceptions of well-established beliefs regarding race plays an important role in dealing with this sensitive police profiling issue. It is however certain that by asking the appropriate questions police administrators have a real opportunity to raise their department’s level of sensitivity to the issue (Withrow, 2004). One important finding that supports this idea is the result of this study that the proportions of searches that produces contrabands does not vary with race. The data gathering method used in this study is based on qualitative information recorded on every police stops from the Wichita Stop Study Dataset and the analysis technique are based on logical reasoning. In late July 2001 representatives from the Wichita Police Department provided the author with a data-set representing the first six months of collected information including 37,454 stops (Withrow, 2004). What is interesting about this data is that to date (relative to this article) this is the largest qualitative data set of this type. This provides reliability of the data gathered and provides validity of the results of this study. Perceptions of Racial Profiling: Race, class and Personal Experience The important result study is to provide a significant basis for the need to examined both race and class determinants of citizens’ relation with the police. In the discussions provided by the author, it was indicated that disadvantage black are more likely to believe that police are abusive of African American because of their personal experience. Another very important point generated in the discussion is with regard to racial profiling. We found that better educated African Americans are more likely than are less educated to disapprove of profiling, to view it as a pervasive practice, and to say that they have personally experienced it (Weitzer & Tuch, 2002). The authors argued that the reason for this is that higher education fosters greater exposure to media and information related to profiling problems. The data gathered were collected from a nationwide random-digit-dialing telephone survey of 2006 respondents conducted by the Gallup organization between September 24 and November 16, 1999 (Weitzer & Tuch, 2002). This offers reliability on the data gathered and considering it has the same strength of oversampling African Americans. Couple this data with various related literature from refutable sources, the data collection are quite valid. The analysis employed in the discussion where supported by citations from previous studies which further validates the ideas presented. CONCLUSION The important results generated by these documents suggest that minority group and Black American in particular, perceives that racial discrimination in the form of racial profiling is an issue. Through proper police awareness of incorrect conceptions that race is a factor that determines people tendency to commit crime, the sensitivity of this issue can be controlled. Couple this with the important role of education in providing proper understanding of the situation there is a possibility of correcting this perception. References Weitzer, R. & Tuch, S. (2005). Racially Biased Policing: Determinants of Citizen Perception. Social Forces from the University of Carolina Press, 83 (3), 1009-1028. Withrow, B. (2004). Race-Base Policing: A Descriptive Analysis of the Wichita Stop Study. Police Practice and Research, 5 (3), 223-240. Weitzer, R. & Tuch, S. (2002). Perceptions of Racial Profiling: Race, Class, and Personal Experience. Criminology, 40 (2), 435-453.

A definition for poverty

How poverty is defined Is essential as a starting point to this argument. The definition can fluctuate drastically depending on who you ask. The answers are almost as varied as the proposed solutions. As nice as It Is to Imagine ways to fix the problem we need to first define what the problem Is. If we are looking at poverty as a problem that has existed before us and will almost definitely continue to exist after us we need a definition that can function as a universal. That is a much more difficult ask than saying under X- thousand dollars a year.A brief note: for this definition we will be working with the understanding of economics as a zero sum game, meaning that there is a finite number of resources a society can produce. To accomplish this we will need to start at the very beginning and work our way forward to the present day. As far back as we can go in terms of economics is to look at modern day tribal societies that still use hunter gatherer systems, with little of what we would call modern economics. Although many of these societies are far from deal most people would agree that even by the most broad definition poverty does not exist In them.This Is because of two major reasons, the first Is that In a hunting and gathering society people are the most valuable resource and keeping everyone in the tribe satisfied and healthy is of utmost importance. The second is that without agriculture and industry there can be no surplus and therefore no one can own more goods than anyone else for a significant amount of time. With the advent of agriculture on a large scale people were able to develop surpluses either by skill or y luck and to use those surpluses to their advantage.This is when we start to see classes of people emerge, both those with more wealth than others and those with less. Although early agriculture varied from place to place and time to time generally we can say that this Is when the differences In peoples access to goods reached levels that could be considered poverty. Fundamentally then poverty exists when a fraction of a society Is lacking a surplus of the goods needed for subsistence and another fraction of the society has a wealth of such goods. Poverty cannot exist without wealth, and vice versa.More specifically poverty is living at or below subsistence in a society that produces enough raw goods for each member to live at, but contains many who live above that, and a few who live far above that. Poverty has no quantifiable level and words like subsistence are relative to th e the society in which it exists. Though no definition can be perfect this understanding of poverty does justice to how complicated a phenomenon it is, and importantly emphasizes the irony that poverty can only exist is societies that can produce more than they need to consume.

Computerized Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computerized Management Systems - Essay Example Computer System evaluation In order to attain efficiency and excellence, hospitals may implement the ELECTRA System. This system is valuable in that it provides health institutions with the appropriate management tools. These tools include stimulation, analysis and modeling. Proper documentation is also attainable through the use of the ELECTRA system. These management tools are equally vital because they enable health care providers to offer quality services to patients and increase their level of productivity (ACGIL, 2010). Administrator plus Administrator Plus is used together with other technologies and assists in carrying out different duties in health care institutions. Administrator plus is particularly used by different specialists in promoting health care. These specialists are mainly the administrators and managers. The system can only run using Microsoft applications (Accurate Info Soft Pvt. Ltd., 2011). Discussion How computerized management systems could increase quality of care ELECTRA The utilization of the ELECTRA system is of great advantage to hospitals because it helps in the promotion of quality services offered to patients. In addition, hospitals that wish to operate at low costs while still ensuring efficiency should consider applying the ELECTRA system. This system provides different managerial advantages to a health care institution including telemedicine, enquiry management, pharmacy management and queue management. The ELECTRA system allows healthcare providers to serve many patients within a short period. ELECTRA helps in keeping patients’ data and booking appointments with staff members. Computer systems that improve the quality of work in health care institutions are those that can effectively serve many patients within a short period (ACGIL, 2010). Administrator Plus Administrator Plus promotes quality by streamlining the different operations carried out in hospitals. This is made possible through consultant management, pati ent management and OPD. Patient management is vital because it enables staff members to collect and retrieve data. This system is most effective in a hospital that serves hundreds of patients at any particular time. Administrator Plus is of considerable advantage to doctors because it helps to save time (Accurate Info Soft Pvt. Ltd., 2011). Getting nurses involved The application of ELECTRA and Administrator Plus cannot be successful unless nurses are involved. This is because nurses are expected to give a report on the inflow and outflow of patients in hospitals. It is therefore important to involve the nurses’ in the selection of the type of system that would be most appropriate in health care. Gordon and Cox noted that when nurses are involved in implementation of technology, managers learn about their attitude towards certain technology (ACGIL, 2010). In addition, the medical fraternity will be linked to different technological experts through the involvement of nurses in the implementation of technology. Involvement of nurses also helps in setting the priorities among staff members. This is a vital step in avoiding cryptic issues. It can therefore be noted that health care institutions should not only ask nurses to apply certain technologies to their operations but should also

Motivation Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Motivation Plan - Essay Example A team becomes one because of the diversity exhibited by the numerous members. However, in order to achieve success, the members must use their diverse features to unify and improve the performance of the group towards the attainment of the goals and objectives of the group. To achieve such, the group requires an effective leader. One who does not only motivate but also compels the members to commit to the activities of the group. Team C has just such a perfect leader. Elected democratically by all the group members, the group leader thus exhibits the diversity portrayed by members in the democratic process. The group leader unifies the group owing to his democratic election. Additionally, he enjoys the authority to summon members thus improve the accountability required by the group members. With such, the leader becomes a directional and unifying force capable of centering the group’s energy towards the attainment of specific goals. While the leader enjoys great autonomy and control to the group, the members influence his actions and decisions. He consults great with the members a feature that improves a sense of belonging of the members into the group. The group members influence the decisions that run the group. They own the decision since they generate them. The leader thus simply unifies the energies of the group towards the completion of any one task before proceeding to the next. Such a feature earns the members trust and indulgence in the group’s activities owing to the fact that the members generate the ideas thus determines the nature of the completion of the works. As discussed earlier, for the group to function seamlessly and attain specific goals and objectives, the members require appropriate motivation. The group leader must therefore motivate the group members and ensure that he unifies them towards the attainment of specific objectives. The leader is the primary motivational factor in the group. He unifies all the group members b y determining their actions. Through his active and passionate involvement with the activities of the group, the leader motivates other members to work equally as hard. The leader must exhibit a quality of charisma capable of manipulating the strengths and weaknesses of the members. He must use such to commit members to the tasks of the group by establishing a way of earning the trust and commitment of each member into the group. The members possess diverse features that are both weaknesses and strengths in diverse measures. The leader must effortlessly find ways of suppressing the weaknesses in the members while fostering the strengths thus encouraging the active participation of the members into the team (Duck, 2006). The group members on the other hand have a moral obligation to participate in the activities of the group equally. This implies that their active participation is primary if the group is to succeed. They must exhibit the natural drive and motivation to participate by either helping the leader make decision or by implementing the decisions made by the leader. Their participation in the election of the leader earns the leader the authority over them. They therefore have the moral obligation to obey and implement the decisions made by their leader. Respect and submission to the leader is a prerogative to the success of the group’s activities. Teamwork dictates that each member suppresses their individual interests and prioritizes the interest of the group. This implies tha

Linguisitcs- Empirical findings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Linguisitcs- Empirical findings - Essay Example Hypothesis 3 predicted that both corpora would provide more dependent noun clauses than other types of dependent clauses and is confirmed within the interview corpus but not within the linguistic corpus, which contained an even number of adverbial, noun and relative clauses. Hypothesis 4 predicted that the extract taken from a transcribed interview would contain more contractions than the linguistic extract, and is borne out by the results. This study compares two small corpora, each comprising 300 words, taken from a linguistic journal and a transcribed interview. The texts are therefore diverse in terms of content, style, register and their proposed audience, and are compared and contrasted in terms of the linguistic properties pertaining to the number and length of sentences, the number and type of dependent clauses, and the use of contractions. The focus on sentence constructions begins by ascertaining the number of sentences within each corpus. The purpose of this is that the number of sentences will provide insight as to the length of the sentences, which is measured in terms of the number of words within a punctuated sentence. The higher the number of sentences found within a 300 word corpus, then the shorter the sentences would have to be. The fewer the number of sentences therefore, would realise longer, compound and complex sentences and thus would be expected to render more dependent clauses. The second property to be measured in this study is the number and type of dependent clauses used within each text. A dependent clause does not convey a complete idea and therefore is unable to stand by itself; in other words a dependent clause relies on an independent clause for meaning. Tallerman (2005) refers to dependent clauses as subordinate clauses and the independent clause, which must contain a finite verb, as the matrix clause. She also tells us that subordinate clauses are often considered as embedded clauses because

Application 5.1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Application 5.1 - Assignment Example With an approximate percentage of 85, the Northern and Southern American based dealers facilitate the sales using the created network (Cummings, Thomas and Worley 100). The company has expanded its operations by acquiring several retail outlets located in Berlin, New York, London, Hamburg, Munich and New Jersey. The concert bank program is the main company’s strategy that incorporates the use of local and international based dealers to distribute their products. It allows local and international artists who have hit their mark in their professions to assess different pianos in the outlets and pick one that best suits their needs. With the concert banks stocked with more than 300 pianos located in more than 160 different cities, the company greatly benefits from its engagement with these successful artists (Cummings, Thomas and Worley 101). It is able to market some of its brands using the name of the performer who is publicly known. Numerous artistic skills are consolidated in order to come up with a grand Steinway concert piano. Different methods have been formulated however the process has maintained is basic initial processes since they have always produced definable results. More than 12000 parts of the grand piano have to be handcrafted before they are perfectly fit to each other to complete the whole puzzle. The uniqueness of these pieces arise from the different types of tones, sound and touch incorporated in each of the pieces (Cummings, Thomas and Worley 101). Numerous activities are incorporated during the making of the piano such as wood drying, parts-making and finally the piano-making operations. Before the piano is set to be displayed and sold, the makers go through a final stage which is tone regulation. They are tuned to voice the Steinway sound as a unique form of identity (Cummings, Thomas and Worley 101). Steinway has proved its superiority in the grand piano market by acquiring superb market

Accounting aspects of Southwestern Airlines Essay

Accounting aspects of Southwestern Airlines - Essay Example In 1966 Kelleher was practicing law in San Antonio when a customer named Rollin King wished-for starting a short-haul airline like California-based Pacific Southwest Airlines.The airline would fly the "Golden Triangle" of Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio and by staying within Texas, avoid federal regulations. Kelleher and King formed a company, raised initial capital, and filed for regulatory approval from the Texas Aeronautics Commission. Regrettably, the other Texas-based airlines, namely Braniff, Continental, and Trans Texas, opposed the idea and waged a battle to prevent Southwest from flying. Kelleher argued the company's case before the Texas Supreme Court, which ruled in Southwest's favor. The US Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal filed by the other airlines. In the late 1970s, it looked as if the company could begin flying.''Southwest then began building a management team, and the purchase of three surplus Boeing 737s was negotiated. In the meantime, Braniff and Texas In ternational continued their efforts to put off Southwest from flying. The underwriters of Southwest's initial public stock offering withdrew, and a restraining order against the company was obtained two days before its scheduled inaugural flight. Kelleher again argued his company's case before the Texas Supreme Court, which ruled in Southwest's favor a second time, lifting the restraining order. Southwest Airlines began flying the next day, June 18, 1971' (Freiberg & Freiberg, 1996). Southwest Airlines: An Introduction Southwest Airlines has always been thriving in terms of productivity, good employee and union relations, and customer satisfaction at a time when most airline carriers are besieged in all these areas. Crucial to the company's hallmarks is its culture of flexibility and family-orientation. Herb Kelleher summed up the Southwest culture and commitment to employees: 'We don't use things like TQM. It is just a lot of people taking pride in what they're doing. You have to recognize that people are important. How you treat them determines how they treat people on the outside.. I give people the license to be themselves and motivate others in that way. We give people the opportunity to be a maverick. You don't have to fit in a constraining mold at work-you can have a good time. People respond to that' (Lancaster, 1999). Despite the fact that 90% of Southwest employees are unionized, labor relations have been surprisingly positive, especially by industry standards. There are no official structures for labor or union participation in management administration; nevertheless the company led by top managers who vigorously seek out and respond to employee views has taken the lead on developing and maintaining this culture. 'One significant base of the company's achievement in a rather unsteady industry is the fact that the unions are not involved in pushing their roles beyond the conservative collective bargaining and grievance functions they perform. In this regard, Southwest differs from some other renowned cases of Human Resource-based and customer-oriented success stories' (Kochan, 1999). Southwest Airlines: Its Accounting Aspects The September 11 incident pushes the airline industry into economic turmoil, resulting in unemployment, insolvency, and the prospect of fragile prospects. Soon after the September 11, most major airlines announced sharp service reductions, grounded aircraft, and laying-off of employees. Yet 'during the first decade of deregulation, more than 150 carriers, many of them start-up airlines, collapsed into insolvency. Eight of the 11 major airlines dominating the industry in 1978 ended up filing for bankruptcy, merging with other carriers, or just disappearing from the radar screen. All together, the industry made enough money during this period to buy two Boeing 747s.' (Dempsey, 1984).

Software requirements Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Software requirements - Research Paper Example The process of development of requirements consists of the basic and initial level of raw requirements collected for development of software. These raw collections of requirements are taken from the customer or client of the software, who is interested in the development of the software. The early requirements are usually in the form of simple statements described by a client. These are written mostly informal ways as told by the client. The great and vital factor for requirements gathering is the technical aspect in which system is going to develop. This factor has a high scope for requirements gathering procedure. Finally, three factors have an impact on gathering of software’s requirement, the client, the environment, and the technicality of system that needs to develop. In addition to this factor, environment is itself a factor, which is involved in the making procedure of developed software. The method of elicitation of requirements is considered as the first step for collection of raw requirements. The Requirement Engineering Process Model (REPM) presented restrains various important and useful features for requirements gathering. According to the proposed model requirement elicitation, includes different kinds of important features. The requirements that are related to a business for which system is designed are important to know. These requirements involve around the demands of the business. The significance of the requirement is decided according the demand of business. These business needs will help in the process of prioritization of requirements. Along with the core business requirements, requirements that are directly useful for customers are equally important to gather. The requirements about how customer or end user will interact with the developed system are collected. These requirements create the basic structure of the system that how it will look like after final

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 5 Case Assignment Essay

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 5 Case Assignment - Essay Example This paper will discuss these two articles in such a way as to begin to understand the management style needed today. It would be interesting to note that there has always been management controversy. There are those that believe that "management is a set o processes that can keep a complicated system of people and technology running smoothly" (Kotter, 1998, pg 26). There are also those that believe as Kennedy (1998) that "old style management is out. Younger workers do not want to be managed". According to Kennedy, workers want to be taught to manage their positions themselves and they judge their managers by the ability to do this. Kotter, on the other hand would say that workers are looking for management based on the different among them. For example, how you need to be managed is different than how your friend needs to be managed. Looking seriously at the Kennedy article and the Sun article, it is noted that there are some differences as well as some disagreements. Sun (2009) is suggesting ten ways to manage to stay out of trouble when it comes to the politics in the office and Kennedy (1998) is suggesting that the new generation of employees really does not care about what others think, that the next job is just down the road and if they get a bad recommendation, they will deal with it. Kennedy also believes that direct reports are the audience and that should be remembered and at the same time Sun indicates that it important that direct reports do not see that you might get involved in office politics. It also appears in Kennedys article that the newer generation of healthcare workers has a tendency to use the grapevine for passing information or gaining information and Sun (2009) warns not to get involved in the gossip sessions that occur in the office, especially not those that may be putting down the org anization or the boss. It is quite interesting as we look at this subject that the Kennedy article and

Time Value of Money Essay Example for Free

Time Value of Money Essay The application of the time value of money theory is very useful in the case of making a decision about obtaining a loan or rejecting it. According to the theory of time value of money, the rule of thumb for making down payment is: if your bank account pays lower rate than the loan, than use your money in the bank account as down payment. This rule is based on the realization of the fact that the value of the money which has been placed on the deposit is going to decline with time, and the percent rate on the deposit which the bank offers is not going to ensure that the value of the person’s money is kept on the same level. At the same time, the person could benefit from making a down payment for a car or any other object because the value of the money would reduce with time and thus he would be paying less for the object which he bought as the result of the loan. Despite the fact that the statements of the time value of money theory are obvious, the author of the article â€Å"Should You Pay Cash for a New Car?† in Los Angeles Times seems to regard all of the issues connected with consumer loans in a different light. Most of the points which he makes in the article are either completely incorrect or need to be altered in order to correspond with the statements which theory of time value of money makes. First of all, the author marks that it is always much better for consumers to obtain loans at the bank instead of investing their own money which they have in deposits. He mentions that consumers did not have computers in order to calculate the benefits of obtaining loans. If they had, â€Å"they might otherwise have seen the advantage in borrowing without taking anyones word for it†. However, as the rule of thumb states, it is profitable to make a down payment for the loan only in that case when the bank account pays a lower rate than the loan. The author does not take this rule into consideration and makes a statement that all of the consumers need to obtain loans, despite the differences between the rates of interest on deposits and loans. The point of view which he is trying to express is that no matter what, obtaining a loan will always be the best possible solution for the consumer. The author mentions the rule which Frank Sperling, vice president at Security Pacific National Bank gives in order to guide consumers in making a choice for or against consumer loans: if a consumer is able to obtain at least half of the interest rate on the investment in comparison with the interest rate on the loan, he is going to make a correct choice by obtaining a loan. This rule is quite similar to the rule of thumb which is being used in the theory of time value of money but it is too concrete of a case. It is impossible to make a conclusion about the interest rate on investment being exactly half of the interest rate on the loan for the deal to be beneficial for the consumer. The benefits of the consumer can be relatively larger if the gap is increased but the consumer can make a down payment for the item which he wants to buy whenever the rate on the loan excesses the yield on investment. The author also states that there can be differences between the rule applications for different types of loans but it is not true because the rule can be applied for any type of loan. It is based on the general objective principles on the theory of time value of money which are universal. Besides, the approach which the author describes does not work in any economic environment. The consumer needs first to realize in what environment the country’s economy is functioning at this point. This can be either the environment of increasing interest rates or of decreasing interest rates. If the interest rates are going to decline in the future, the consumer will need to consider an option of refinancing the loan in the future. If the interest rates are increasing, the consumer might think of obtaining a loan with a lower interest rate now and investing his funds in securities which a higher interest rate in the following periods of time. He also needs to consider the possibilities of obtaining a fixed interest rate for the loan in order to ensure that his payments on the loan are not increasing and invest in floating-rate securities in order to benefit from the interest rate fluctuation in the future. Without the analysis of the economic environment, there is no possibility to make a conclusion about the best possible way of buying a car or any other item. The author also makes an incorrect statement that the major difference between making an investment and obtaining a loan is that the percent rate is calculated on a different basis. According to him, the percent rate on the loan is being compounded only annually and the rate of interest on the investment can be compounded monthly: â€Å"Keppel†¦ calculated that 48 months of interest on a 14.2 percent loan of $8,239.05 would be $2,607.62, while the same principal invested at 8 percent, compounded monthly would earn interest of $3,095.06- a profit of $487.44†. However, this rule is going to be true only in the case when both the loan and the investment have the mentioned characteristics. It is not the general case because interest rates on loans as well as on any other assets can be compounded in any number of ways. It is impossible to say that the investment is going to bring profits to Keppel only due to the different techniques of interest calculations because it is very far from the truth. The question is whether he will be able to obtain the loan and make the investment according to the terms which are favorable for him. The author of the article has expressed complete ignorance in the knowledge of the finance and particularly their theory of time value of money. In order to make a correct decision about the way of purchasing an item, consumers need to make sure they take all of the issues of this theory into consideration.

Jewish History Nazi Policy Against Jews 1933 Essay Example for Free

Jewish History Nazi Policy Against Jews 1933 Essay This is a brief introduction to my topic, how it started. In January 1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, He was the idol for the people .Hitler as its Fà ¼hrer (leader), centralizing all power in his hands. Hitler now had the power to start manipulating people and started introducing the first nazi policies against Jews. Between 1933 and 1934, Nazi policy were fairly moderate, because Hitler was paying attention to not scare off voters or moderately minded politicians by these harsh policies so he started introducing this policies step by step which were more stronger and more harsh. The Gestapo (secret state police) and SS underHeinrich Himmler destroyed the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition, and persecuted and murdered It was believed that the Germanic peoples—who were also referred to as the Nordic race—were the purest representation of the Aryan race, and were therefore the master race. In 1933, persecution of the Jews became active Nazi policy. Nazi leaders began to persecute German Jews soon after they had the „ POWER! . During the first six years of Hitlers dictatorship, from 1933 until the outbreak of war in 1939, There were 400 decrees and regulations that restricted all jews from their public and private lives. These were national laws that had been issued by the German administration and affected all jews. The first legislation from 1933 to 1934 was focused on limiting the participation of jews basicly everywhere. The first major law was Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of April 7, 1933 according to that law jewish and politically unreliable civil servants and employees were tob e excluded from state service.- this ws the first formulation oft he so- called Aryan Paragraph, this regulation used to exclude jews from organizations, professions and basicly banned from the public. By 1935 The Nazis gained power and strength in many parts of Germany. Restaurants, and shops had signs forbidding jews from entering. In some areas in Germany there were even banned from public transports and certain parks. Thousands of Jewish teachers and civil servants had been sacked, the security forces regularly boycotted Jewish businesses preventing people from using them, and people were not allowed to visit jewish doctors and lawyers as kristina allready mentioned. these measures were intended to cause mass migration, many who could afford it did leave Germany, but still many remained. Immernoch Slide nr 3. NAZI POLICY In march 1933 Nazis attacked jews on the streets, beating them up and sometimes killing them Across Germany many hundreds of Jews were rounded up by local SAgroups and sent to concentration camps. I will breifly talk about the concentration camps, and about Josej Mengele.) The attacks on Jews soon increased and become more organised. However, Hitler saw that the attacks and arrests were random and not controlled by the state. He believed that everything should be controlled by the state, especially the campaign against the Jews. During April 1933 the Nazis began to develop antisemitic laws that would severely affect the lives of those Jews living with the German boarders. Slide 4. NUREMBERG LAW During the annual Nazi Party Rally in Nuremberg in September 1935, new laws were introduced which again limited the civil rights of Jewish people. The Citizenship Law stripped Jews of their German citizenship and made them state subjects, marriage and sexual relations between Jews and Germans were strickly forbidden. Jews were also not allowed to employ female household staff under the age of 45; another article of this law made it illegal for Jews to display the national flag. Classification of Jews Initially the laws did not clearly define who could be classed as Jewish, as there were a number of people who had one Jewish parent. This needed to be clarified who the laws would apply to. In November 1935 a decree declared that people with three or four Jewish grandparents were regarded as fully Jewish. Those with two Jewish grandparents and two German grandparents were declared as being half-Jewish. However Germans who had married a Jewish person were classed as fully Jewish, as were their children in most cases. . The press and propaganda became much more anti-Semitic after the introduction of the laws and Jews found themselves extremly isolated. even by friends. At the time of the laws approximately 10% of Jews were married to a German, the state could do nothing about this except to persuade the couple to divorce; this was not very effective. JOSEF MENGELE Josef Mengele: in 1943 , Mengele became medical officer of Auschwitz-BirkenausZigeunerfamilienlager (Gypsy Family Camp He used Auschwitz as an opportunity to continue his research on jews. He used the people for human experiments.. He was particularly interested in identical twins; they would be selected and placed in special barracks. He recruited Berthold Epstein, a Jewish pediatrician, and Miklà ³s Nyiszli, a Hungarian Jewish pathologist, to assist with his experiments. Final test FINAL JAN 29TH 12:30—14:00 50 % Statement ask for our opinion. Explain why or why not and example. Should come from the lesson. Not only my opinion. Mosis mendelson.. at least one person as an example. And also french revolution . LOGICAL! 1 page. 50% Multiple choice there will be 1 answer right. Maybe there q where more then one answer is right. * Biblical judaism. Jewish life after exile distructions first temple. From temple tot he synagoge. Mishna and talmud. ( book) structure . rabi who write around text of mischna * Jews in christian europe. ( briefly, jews under islam ) compare IMPORTANT. Had easier under islam * Spanish expulsion (richards presentation) * Jews in the ghetto . merchant of venice. (movie gives a picture. 15th century how jewish lifes where ) * Ghetto in venice. Councel over four lands. Hmelnizki pogrom. The vickit bogdan. 1648/49 * Fals masahja. Hasidik movement. * Merchantalism in western europe. Aproved the standing of jews in society. It made it better. * Hofjuden ( max messerschmid) courtjews. / privilege jews. Aristocrats. * Enlightment and impact of situation oft he jews * French revolution.briefly . the impact ist he important !!! begining of imancipation in europe * Debate over imancipation oft he jews. Orthodox. Liberal. How they saw it. They saw it as a dangour tot he jewish ppl. Jews were assimilated somwhow those who were against imancipation not tob e ill treated but becuase they understood this was the key . the end for jewish ppl.

Locke: Of Identity And Diversity

Locke: Of Identity And Diversity I will begin by analyzing John Lockes theory of personal identity. Locke describes personal identity in his chapter Of Identity and Diversity, where he differentiates identity into different components until he creates a more general account of identity. Locke begins by explaining how Each individual atom is the same at a time, and stays the same over time.1It is in his first few lines that Locke stresses that identity for atoms depends on their continued identical existence over time. He then makes it clear that the most important part of identity of an organism is the continuation of the same life. However, Lockes difficulty is in deciding if physical or psychological continuity was more important. It is clear that Locke rejects the idea that the identity of the human body is a necessary part of the identity of a person. Locke proves this point using his example of the soul of a prince in the body of a cobbler: For should the soul of a prince, carrying with it the consciousness of the princes past life, enter and inform the body of a cobbler, as soon as deserted by his own soul, everyone sees he would be the same person with the prince, accountable only for the princes actions; but who would say it was the same man?2 In this example Locke shows that the human body is not necessary in personal identity since you could have the same person in two different bodies. Since the physical body cannot maintain personal identity, Locke comes to the conclusion that it must be the psychological aspect of humanity that retains personal identity. 1It is at this point that the emphasis of identity is placed on the psychological rather than the physical aspect of life as stated in Lockes second book: This may show us wherein personal identity consists: not in the identity of substance, but in the identity of consciousness3 Lockes next point was to differentiate between a man and a person. He uses the example of a rational talking parrot and compares it to an organism with the same shape as a human being though; it is unable to engage in rational discourse.1 This thought experiment is used by Locke to demonstrate that rationality is not an essential part of a man. Since rational discourse was not a necessary part of man. Locke expressed identity using something else. Thus, Locke finally narrowed down the integral part of personal identity to consciousness. Lockes definition of conscious is as follows: Consciousness is both a necessary and a sufficient condition for a morally vital sense of personal identity.3 Locke describes the essence of self as being their consciousness, which he states as something distinguishable for every thinking thing. This consciousness is described as the sameness of a rational being. The unique characteristic of consciousness is that allows it to retain personal identity is that it can be extended backwards to any past action or thought. It is this characteristic that Locke uses to explain his theory of personal identity. 4Locke also disagrees with the Cartesian view of the soul, which held that a mans soul was of an entirely different essence than his body, focusing more on the connectedness of the same conscious thought. Therefore, Locke reaches the conclusion that personal identity can only be achieved through psychological continuity. As a result of this, psychological continuity relies only on the beings ability to consciously look back on their previous existence and be able to distinguish between conscious thought and memory. This distinction is extremely important to bec ause Locke is frequently ambiguous when dealing with both terms. When he refers to conscious memory, he implies that it represents the consciousness of a past experience. Conscious thought, on the other hand, involves perceiving that one perceives. Locke explains that when we will anything, we are always conscious of it. Psychological continuity, as Locke describes it, also insinuates that a person who exists at one time is indistinguishable with a person who exists at a second time only if the first person remembers some past experience that connects the second person to the second time. Therefore, Lockes definition of personal identity centers around the continuity of the consciousness, which is able to relate past and present memories and retain some sense of self awareness. Now that I have explained and given an analysis of Lockes theory of personal identity, I will now evaluate the validity of Lockes theory by proving that his account of personal identity is incorrect. Lockes arguments contain flaws from their conception. I have a great difficulty with Lockes statement of self-conscious awareness as the main constituent of personal identity since intrinsically that consciousness is available only to each unique self. Due to this dilemma, third party juries will be subject to error in many cases. In order to further explain this point, I will divide my argument into two questions; what does personal identity consist of and how can one tell a person is the same? First, since Locke defined personal identity as a persons consciousness, I will use that as my basis for this argument. Thus, since we can only tell a person through their physical aspect, it becomes impossible to distinguish if someone elses consciousness resides in the person you are looking at . An example would be if a person robbed a bank but wasnt conscious of the fact that he performed the act in the first place. According to Locke, the man should be free of all charges since he wasnt the same person who robbed the bank. This however is preposterous if in a courtroom there is evidence of that person robbing the bank, the only exception being if the person could prove they lost consciousness throughout the event. Another error found within Lockes argument centers around the fact that even though a person can switch bodies, it is the consciousness that determines the identity of the bodies. Thus it is clear that while Lockes statements seem perfectly rational in theory, practically though, they have no weight. Another flaw found in Lockes argument, is in how he leaves out particular cases where his theory of psychological continuity cannot apply. First however, I must define the distinction between person and man. Locke defines man as a living body of some particular sh ape. A person, on the other hand, is an intelligent thinking being that can know itself as itself the same thinking thing in different times and places.4An example of this would be humans who remain in vegetative conditions and show no mental faculties whatsoever. According to Lockes description of personal identity these human beings are not considered persons since nothing can be discovered from their past in order for that individual to define their psychological identity. Lockes argument between man and person becomes too controversial since the definition of both terms can never truly be settled. In conclusion, after providing examples to counterclaim Lockes argument that personal identity originates from psychological continuity it is clear that Lockes view on identity is too flawed to be correct when defining identity for each person. 1William, Uzgalis. John Locke > The Immateriality of the Soul and Personal Identity (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/supplement.html (accessed October 13, 2010). 2Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 517-518. 3John, Locke. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 514. 4John, Locke. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 515. sBibliography Uzgalis, William. John Locke > The Immateriality of the Soul and Personal Identity (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/supplement.html (accessed October 13, 2010). Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 517-518. Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 514. Locke, John. Of Identity and Diversity. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding Volume Two. 1690. Reprint, Toronto: Dover Publications, 2005. 515.

A World Without Cars Essay -- Environment Pollution Ecology Essays

A World Without Cars James Q. Wilson the author of the article "Cars and Their Enemies" briefly ponders the possibility of our world without personal automobiles. He speculates whether our current society would welcome the invention of the personal automobile into a fictitious world without cars. Wilson immediately answers no. Wilson knows, as many well-informed individuals and experts do, that the personal automobile is responsible for contributing to pollution, destruction of rural and wilderness land, and depletion of natural resources. And an advanced society such as we live in today would not likely choose to burden our health, land, and resources for the sake of luxury and convenience, or at the very least, the personal automobile would not be as accessible as it is today. Because, in all reality, our current society does embrace inventions that compromise our society's well-being such as oil and chemical refineries, pesticides, and even convenience foods such as fast food and many refined prepacka ged foods. Wilson's opinions in his article, "Cars and Their Enemies" and discussions I have had on-line in the 305 class about Wilson's article have demonstrated to me that the personal automobile is an example of how many people are unwilling to acknowledge how personal convenience and luxury contribute to the deterioration of our world. Wilson's encouragement to the readers of his article to imagine life as we currently know it without the automobile begins with Wilson outlining exactly why the personal automobile is destructible in so many ways. He points out that academic and social critics believe that cars "burn fuel inefficiently" (304) ejecting "large amounts of unpleasant gases into the air" (304); "vast quantiti... ... of the personal automobile has damaged and continues to damage our world certainly provides a more informed awareness. Awareness, knowledge, and understanding possibility can lead to solutions to work towards improving the world we currently live in and the world in the future. However, I feel that it is a battle between selfish and personal desires and the urgent needs of our society and world. Even if an increased awareness and desire to work towards alleviation of the problems of pollution, outward expansion, and depletion of natural resources occurs, I'm afraid, as time goes by, it is becoming increasingly too late. I think the cliche, hindsight is 20/20 is certainly applicable here. Works Cited Wilson, James Q. "Cars and Their Enemies." The Presence of Others. Ed. Lunsford, Andrea A., and John J. Ruskiewicz. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 303-313.

Warren Buffet :: Berkshire Hathaway

Warren Buffet Warren Buffet was born August 30, 1930 in Omaha, Nebraska. He lived much of his life in Nebraska and later moved to Washington D.C. At 11 he purchased his first stock which he ended up making a five-dollar profit on this investment. He got his bachelors degree from The University of Nebraska. For some time he attended Wharton’s School of Finance at the University of Pennsylvania. This institution is rated as one of the top five business schools in the nation. His Masters of Science in Economics was completed at Columbia University. Shortly after completing college Warren founded the Buffet partnership. This was all accomplished by the age of 25. Had someone invested $10000 with Warren back in 1956 it would worth an astounding $95 million today. Warren Buffet is worth over 27 billion dollars at the age of 69. Investing in other well-known companies made much of his money. He has major holdings of American Express, Coke, and Walt Disney just to name a few. He is also rumored to own as much as 20% of the world’s supply of silver. Today Warren Buffet is the CEO of Berkshire Hathaway. Some of the other companies included under the Berkshire name are Geico Insurance, Berkshire Hathaway Life Insurance Company of Nebraska, Borsheim’s, and Dairy Queen. Berkshire is based out of his hometown of Omaha Nebraska. There have been many books written about Warren’s investment strategies and his life in general. He has never written a book himself. I found a few books he helped co-author including one that was nothing but quotes and sayings he has come up with over the years.

Def of philosophy :: essays research papers

philosophy Phi*los"o*phy, n.; pl. Philosophies. [OE. philosophie, F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. ?. See Philosopher.] 1. Literally, the love of, including the search after, wisdom; in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws. Note: When applied to any particular department of knowledge, philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when applied to God and the divine government, is called theology; when applied to material objects, it is called physics; when it treats of man, it is called anthropology and psychology, with which are connected logic and ethics; when it treats of the necessary conceptions and relations by which philosophy is possible, it is called metaphysics. Note: ``Philosophy has been defined: tionscience of things divine and human, and the causes in which they are contained; -- the science of effects by their causes; -- the science of sufficient reasons; -- the science of things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; -- the science of things evidently deduced from first principles; -- the science of truths sensible and abstract; -- the application of reason to its legitimate objects; -- the science of the relations of all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; -- the science of the original form of the ego, or mental self; -- the science of science; -- the science of the absolute; -- the scienceof the absolute indifference of the ideal and real.'' --Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained. [Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie. --Chaucer. We shall in vain interpret their words by the notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our school. --Locke. 3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment; equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune with philosophy. Then had he spent all his philosophy. --Chaucer. 4. Reasoning; argumentation. Of good and evil much they argued then, . . . Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy. --Milton. 5. The course of sciences read in the schools. Def of philosophy :: essays research papers philosophy Phi*los"o*phy, n.; pl. Philosophies. [OE. philosophie, F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. ?. See Philosopher.] 1. Literally, the love of, including the search after, wisdom; in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws. Note: When applied to any particular department of knowledge, philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when applied to God and the divine government, is called theology; when applied to material objects, it is called physics; when it treats of man, it is called anthropology and psychology, with which are connected logic and ethics; when it treats of the necessary conceptions and relations by which philosophy is possible, it is called metaphysics. Note: ``Philosophy has been defined: tionscience of things divine and human, and the causes in which they are contained; -- the science of effects by their causes; -- the science of sufficient reasons; -- the science of things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; -- the science of things evidently deduced from first principles; -- the science of truths sensible and abstract; -- the application of reason to its legitimate objects; -- the science of the relations of all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; -- the science of the original form of the ego, or mental self; -- the science of science; -- the science of the absolute; -- the scienceof the absolute indifference of the ideal and real.'' --Sir W. Hamilton. 2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained. [Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie. --Chaucer. We shall in vain interpret their words by the notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our school. --Locke. 3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment; equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune with philosophy. Then had he spent all his philosophy. --Chaucer. 4. Reasoning; argumentation. Of good and evil much they argued then, . . . Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy. --Milton. 5. The course of sciences read in the schools.

But everyman has his price Essay

‘ But everyman has his price.’ Show the part that corruption plays in the action of A Man for All Seasons. The statement ‘everyman has his price’ suggests that all humans are capable of being corrupted. Humans then succumb to certain temptations: greed, power, deception, bribery, betrayal and self-interest. Often men fall prey to such temptations in search of material comfort at the expense of spiritual comfort. More himself comments upon these temptations in the text: â€Å"But since in fact we see that avarice, anger, envy, pride, sloth, trust and stupidity commonly profit far beyond humility, charity, fortitude, justice and thought and have to choose, to be human at all† He says that not to succumb to these, would make one a hero or at least more than a common man. More did not aim to live up to being a hero, but he stood by his moral codes and did not succumb to such temptations. Throughout the play, attempts are made to corrupt More. Such attempts to corrupt morals and religious beliefs occur mainly because of the Kings desire to remarry. Henry married his brothers widow which was disallowed by the Catholic Church-however the Pope eventually gave dispensation for the marriage of Henry and Catherine to take place. Now Henry wants a divorce, to enable him to marry Anne Boleyn and to secure an heir. This creates a dilemma and the King wants the backing of More, which we see when Henry is speaking with More â€Å"Touching this matter of my divorce, Thomas; have you thought of it since we last talked† Up until this time the Catholic Church had predominated in society and nobody had questioned its authority. Martin Luther and John Calvin were two of the primary instigators, who started a movement against the Catholic Church, because they hated the Churches ‘sale of indulgences’. For his stand Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church in 1521. He then set up his own Church, which, in 1529 was renamed, from Lutherans to Protestants, when they protested against attempts to limit their teachings. In this respect it suited Henry’s present needs to side with the reformation, to gain his divorce and thereby making himself head of the Church of England, enabling him to become his own authority. The only reason why the King needs Mores support in his divorce is because More is honest and people recognise this honesty and integrity: â€Å"Because you are honest, what’s more you’re known to be honest† Henry attempts to use the power of kingship to persuade More to agree with him, â€Å"I have no wife†¦and those that say she is my wife are not only liars†¦but traitors† The power he has means that if someone were to oppose him, he would simply dispose of them. Henry uses the word traitor because traitors are executed. All this fails to persuade More, his moral stand is too strong. He is trying to emphasise what a good king he is by showing what he is doing is for his country. â€Å"†¦And all the Popes back to St. Peter, shall not become between me and my duty† He is, on one hand, witty, pleasant and a man of elegant appearance, but he is also self-opinionated, brutal and corrupt. As he has little success persuading More with these tactics, he tries to convince More that the original marriage was sinful: â€Å"Thomas, Thomas, does a man need a Pope to tell him when he’s sinned. It was a sin, Thomas, I admit it, I repent†¦.† He further tries to convince More by reasoning that all the sons Catherine has borne have, have died and this has been his punishment. Henrys argument insinuates that God has punished him, and therefore the Pope was wrong for allowing the union. â€Å"†¦It was no marriage; she was my brothers widow. Leviticus: thou shalt no uncover the nakedness of thy brothers’ wife† Which uses Biblical text to provide further evidence that the Pope was wrong. More was a devout Catholic and believed the Pope to be a direct descendant of Peter, Christ’s disciple and therefore the Popes authority went without question â€Å"†¦The theory is that he is also the Vicar of God, the descendant of St. Peter, our only link with God† â€Å"†¦The King in Parliament cannot bestow the supremacy of the Church because it is a spiritual supremacy.† Although More may sympathise with the kings argument we understand from what he says his devotion to the Church and Catholicism. Henry tries to challenge Mores belief saying this is a ‘tenuous link’. More clarifies his position further â€Å"†¦Why it’s a theory yes, you can’t see it, can’t touch it†¦But what matters to me is not whether its true or not but that I believe it to be true†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , thus showing he cannot disobey Rome. More will not break his principals, although in the end he leads his family into poverty. Alice and Margaret want More to agree with the King and to forget his principles. Their reason for this is for their family safety. Alice tries to convince her husband to capitulate with the King â€Å"You can fit the cap to anyone you want† and accuses him of being ‘cruel’ to the household. More asks Alice to remove his chain: â€Å"Hell’s fire-God’s blood and body no!† â€Å"†¦Is this wisdom to betray your ability, abandon practice, forget your station and your duty to your kin and behave like a printed book!† Alice is scared of loosing her position and becoming a pauper and because of this she tries to corrupt More. More is only human and Alice only wants her husband to do what she feels is best for the family and the country therefore she will not remove the chain. More, though, is acting like ‘a printed book’ and he will not accept bribes or money from the Church. Margaret knows that Sir Thomas is going to resign anyway and to show her love and respect for her father, she removes the chain although she knows it will lead to her poverty. More feels it necessary to resign because it was his way of resisting severing the connection with Rome and Chapuys encourages Mores resignation saying he could not believe that More ‘will allow himself to be associated with the recent actions of King Henry’. More too, does not want to be associated with the corrupted King. Chapuys is not really interested in Mores moral stance; his concern is for the furtherance of Spain. (Catherine is Spanish and a divorce would sever Spanish interests in England). When he mentions that Northumberland and Yorkshire are ready to resist I deduce his intentions are political and not concerned with Mores moral integrity. When Chapuys tells More: ‘Beyond that point, Sir Thomas, one is not merely ‘compromised,’ one is in truth corrupted,† he is using verbal bribery to ensure his resignation. More will not go against his principals; he does not want to stand trial for treason. He is careful not to accept any bribes. Chapuys brings a letter from Charles 1st, which More refuses to accept as it could be seen as an allegiance with Spain. More feels that if he were to take money offered by the Bishops, the King would have more evidence against him. â€Å"If the King takes that matter any further, with me or the Church, it will be very bad, if I even appear to have been in the pay of the Church† Other characters also appear to corrupt, often in their attempts to please the King. Cromwell is a very corruptive character. He shows allegiance to the King – but only for his personal satisfaction: â€Å"Sir Thomas is going to be a slippery fish, Richard; we need a net with a fine mesh† Cromwell is being corruptive in trying to discredit More. Cromwell uses metaphors â€Å"Raising the storm† and â€Å"to come out of harbour† to accuse More of causing conflict in standing by his morals. The common man also refers to social movement as ‘canals’ and â€Å"Against the current of their times.† This movement is also shown with the River Thames used as a waterway that takes the characters along. This metaphor again is used by the Boatman to show how More is getting deeper into his position and the feud is getting heavy, ‘silt’, but More is trying to keep straight: â€Å"There’s a channel there getting deeper all the time† Cromwell is trying to set More up so that he can be more acquainted with the King. He accuses More for using God to â€Å"provide a noble motive for his frivolous self conceit.† Cromwell asks Rich to help, but Norfolk defends More because he has realised that Cromwell is only trying to corrupt him and his family, therefore Norfolk wants nothing to do with this. Norfolk consequently is not corrupt, he just does not have a strong moral code to abide by. Wolsey, however, tries to persuade More to support him in getting Henry’s marriage to Catherine annulled. Again More adheres to his moral code, taking care not to criticise the King or say anything that would put him in danger: â€Å"A dispensation was given so that the King might marry Queen Catherine, for states reasons. Now we are to ask the Pope to-dispense with his dispensation, also for sate reasons?† Wolsey’s corruption is not for his personal gain. Catherine has been unable to bear Henry a son, and Wolsey feels that for the sake of the Royal succession, Henry should remarry so that he may have an heir. â€Å"The King needs a son†¦let him die without an heir and we’ll have them back again† (referring to the War of the Roses). Wolsey feels that ‘certain measures perhaps regrettable, perhaps not-there is much in the Church that needs reformation Thomas-alright, regrettable! But necessary, to get us an heir!† therefore he justifies his corruption (if you can justify corruption) because it ultimately would benefit the country. More answers this: â€Å"When statesmen forsake their own private conscience for the sake of their own public duties†¦they lead their country by short route to chaos† More does not agree with Wolsey and even these reasons are unacceptable. Of all the character in the play, More is the only one who does not succumb to corruption. It would have been the easy option for More agree and comply with the King, but the strength of his religious and personal morals meant more to him. He was respected for these attributes and did not want to loose this. He also felt that ultimately God was his judge. This play is about political dalliance rather than fast moving action, â€Å"The interval started early in the year 1530 and it’s now the middle of May 1532.Two years.† It is about corruptive persuasion that More resists and ultimately leads to his execution. This is shown at the beginning of act 2: The political dalliance of the play is instigated by More not giving in to coercion, persuasion or even temptation. Ultimately, according to his own definition, More is a hero: â€Å"If we lived in a State where virtue was profitable, common sense would make us good, and greed would make us saintly. And we’d live like animals or angels in the happy land that needs no heroes.† He lived up to his rules and the rules of his religion, however unhappy he has made those around him. ‘Everyman has his price’ except More, or was it his life that was the price he had to pay?

Batterd Woman’s Syndrome

Shrouded in myth, distortions and grotesque stereo slips the public profile of a beaten-up cleaning lady who come outs her suggest collaborationist is a misunderstood phenomenon. Throughout the fly the coop of history women were viewed as property, powerless victims of a patriarchal social political and effectual system. Family television programs in the 1950s satirized magic spell minimizing aspects of wedlock abuse.Comedian Jackie Gleason portrayed the beloved compositors case Ralph Cramdon and memorialized the prime time phrase piece of music chastising his small screen wife. To the moon with you Alice, cherry-red and frantically waving a balled up fist at the now passive voice Alice.The scene was punctuated with the live audience yowl with laughter at the comedians folly. Acts of partner delirium were committed prat closed brinks in the family home. The felonious rightness system offered scant shield to victims of spousal abuse. Assaults committed behind close d doors went unreported viewed as private family matters. The criminal rightness system could offer no cherishion to victims of spousal abuse. On the contrary victims of national power were shunned and shamed into injury in fear and collective silence.Those bold luxuriant to ask for protection from abuse were morose forward if non heavyly unite to their abuser. However, the pleas of countless nameless faceless victims of home(prenominal) frenzy were honored with the unyielding freight of grassroots advocates in the 1970s and 1980s. Dr Lenore Walker, a renowned forensic psychologist, feminist and researcher arrangeed the thought of batter chars Syndrome (BWS) According to Walker, the rubric of BWS consists of twain co-existing elements The cycle of domestic power and unstained symptoms of learned helplessness (Walker1984).Walkers ideal of battered muliebritys Syndrome emerged as a divisor in legal exculpations, when buffet women killed in self-importance de murral(Walker 2004). According to Walker BWS describes a invention of psychological and behavioral symptoms ensn atomic number 18 in women in battering parityshipsBalkin(2005). batter adult females Syndrome is non a pass legal defence force. However, it is accept as, part of the principle of self-protection so as to establish the belief of the char cleaning charrhood that she was in risk of death or bodily detriment( subject theater of operations Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women (2006).According to Battered Womans Syndrome attorney, Mira Mihajiovich, recommendation concerning BWS is used to permit a batter womans self-defense claim, not to explain away her actions or give her a extra defense that would allow her to destroy her tormentor at her own discretion(Balkin 2005). At the heart of the Battered Womans Syndrome phenomenon is desperation and gut wrenching terror. To richly grasp BWS one must constrict the framework and emotionally charged dynamics associated with chronic abuse and spousal battering.Domestic violence is exposit by the National centralise for Victims of Crimes as, the leadful intimidation, assault, battery, sexual assault or opposite abusive behaviors perpuiated by an well-educated partner against another(Domestic violence Facts National Collation against Domestic Violence 2001). Although the ideal of Battered Womans Syndrome emerged in the 1970s the U. S. legal system was slacken to accept BWS as a f fake in the self defense pleas of battered women accused of murdering their batterers(Balkin 2005).Prior to the juvenile 1980s an step womans psychological democracy and the brutality and violence she suffered at the workforce of her batterer could not be used at her trial(Balkin 2005). However, with public education and photo to domestic abuse the rays of enlightenment expand into the wooden paneled courtrooms nationwide. In Robinson v. distinguish the chat up examined the merits of the Ba ttered Spouse Syndrome in relation to the specific elements of self defense in a homicide case.The accost assemble the unique perceptions of a defendant suffering from battered womans syndrome be generally matched with the law of the convey regarding self-defense(Robinson v cite 308 S. C. 74, 417 S. E. 2d 88(1992). Battered Womans Syndrome has appeared as a component of the criminal trial process since the late 1970s. Testimony presented by experts in the country must be qualified by the Court before offering register on the role the syndrome played in the homicide. The landmark case that opened the door for the use of Battered Womans Syndrome (BWS) was aver of surgery v.Kelly (1985). The Court concluded in utter v Kelly that, BWS is allowable to aid juries in assessing a defendants perception of danger present by the abuser(State v Kelly (1985). The fourth Circuit Court of Appeals for South Carolina Courts reasoning in Grubb v State was compatible with South Carolinas Annotated autograph 17-23-170(2001) which governs the admissibility of expert testimony of the battered mate syndrome(Grubb v State 2003). Battered Womans Syndrome was first recognized in South Carolina when the S. C.Supreme Court in State v. Hill, 287 S. C. 398, 339 S. E. 2d 121(1986) held, that expert testimony about battered spouse syndrome is admissible to establish a claim of self-defense in a homicide case. The Court progress recognized that an, emerging trend in other jurisdictions that find the testimony is pertinent to the issue of self-defense and highly probative of the defendants state of take heed at the time of the incident (Id. At 400,339 S. E. 2d at 122). The Court echoed the Grubbs finding in Robinson v State 308 S.C. 74, 417 S. E. 2d 88(1992) examining the battered spouse syndrome in relation to the specific elements of self-defense in a homicide case. The Court found the unique perceptions of a defendant suffering from battered womans syndrome are general ly compatible with the law of this State regarding self-defense( Id at 78,417 S. E. 2d at 91). It was judicial decisions such(prenominal) as these that established battered womans syndrome as a canonical legal premise. The South Carolina Court in Robinson v. State concludedOur interpretation of the human relationship between the battered womans syndrome and self-defense is cursory, at best, and should not be construed as this Courts closing word on the subject. Our law pull up stakes continue to evolve as the scientific communitys understanding of the battered womans syndrome develops and societys comprehension of the motive becomes more sophisticate (Robinson v. State Id at 80,417 S. E. 2d at 92(1992). Bolstering this trend setting precedent was found in Section 17-23-170 of the South Carolina Code governing the admissibility of expert testimony on battered womans syndrome states(A) endorse that the actor was suffering from the battered spouse syndrome is admissible in a cri minal action on the issue of whether the actor lawfully acted in self-defense, defense of another, defense of necessity, or defense of chains. This section does not preclude the admission of testimony on battered spouse syndrome in other criminal actions S. C. Code Ann. & 17-23-170 (Supp. 2001). Although great strides waste been forged in the judicial sphere a universal acceptance of the validness and application of BWS in spousal homicide cases does not exist.The 5th Circuit Court of Appeals in Texas argued in Dixon v. U. S. expert testimony on BWS was inherently subjective, and inadmissible to prove duress (Dixon v. U. S. 413 F. 3d 520 5th Cir. 2005). Testimony on BWS is recognized in 31 states crowing rise to the quandary as to wherefore some jurisdictions embrace the concept darn others rebuke it. Theres a lot of skepticism with any type of psychiatric testimony and some Courts are unconvinced that psychic dis regularizes and or emotional disorders are unspoiledificatio ns for committing a crime Walker (20060.Some in the field raise concerns that widespread acceptance of BWS whitethorn lead to an increase in morose or exaggerated abuse claims (Dixon (2006). some months after killing her maintain, a woman whitethorn lie to an evaluating psychologist before trial, faking symptoms handle depression and anxiety (Dixon 2006). Domestic Violence and Battered Womans Syndrome Facts 1. In 2000, an intimate partner killed 1,247 women and 440 men U. S Dept of Justice (2005). In 1999, 74%or 1,218 or the 1,642 persons murdered by an intimate partner were female (Rennison, U. S.Dept of Justice, Bureau of Statistics, propose collaborator Violence and Age of Victim. 1993-99, (2001). 3. The concept of the battered womans syndrome was veritable in reaction to the misapplication of the self-defense doctrine to battered woman when they kill their spouse (Schneider (2000) Elizabeth, Battered Women and Feminist statute law 117,135(2000). The United States Supreme Court has discovered that almost four million women are the victims of severe assaults by their male partners any year. Thirty percent of female homicide victims are killed by their male partners ( aforethought(ip) Parenthood vs.Casey, 112 S. Ct. 2791, 2826-2831 (1992). from each one year, 2,000-4,000 women in the U. S. are murdered by abusive partners or ex-partners (American Bar Association, American Bar Association Commission on Domestic Violence, American Bar Association). Battered Womans Syndrome falls under what the American psychogenic Association defines as Post traumatic reach Disorder, rather than a mental illness (National ticker for Post-Traumatic Street Disorder, What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 22 Feb. 2006).Outsiders much are puzzled. If things are so bad, wherefore do women appease? Why do they kill? Why dont they just leave? If a woman is being abused, why doesnt she just pack her bags and get out. Those famili ar with BWS and barriers plaguing victims of domestic violence encourage a great empathy and understanding as to what motivates battered women to stay in abusive relationships. The Court in the People v. Aris, 215 Cal App 3d 1194, 264 Cal Rptr 167, 178 (1989) held that, battered women hightail it to stay in abusive relationships for a number of reasons. The battered woman believes the violence is her fault, she has an inability to place the responsibility for the violence elsewhere. She fears for her life and or her childrens lives (Walker 2003). umteen BWS victims experience learned helplessness, a condition brought about by the battered womans futile attempt to protect herself from her abuser(Walker 2003). Battered women assume the commit for making the marriage work. Fears of economic insufficiency, scant job skills, many women feel trap erroneously believing they would be at greater risk to leave.Thus it has been said the cycle-of-violence and passivity reinforces the percep tion of helplessness. Overtime, womens ability to rationally evaluate the situation unfolding just about becomes distorted. In the Matter of Glen G. and Josephine G. , 587 NYS 2d 464, 469 (1992) the concept of battered womans syndrome was described as a breaking take in of a womans self confidence and self respect to a point where she no longer knows if she is crazy or not. In recent years at that place has been a consorted effort to inform and educate the Courts on the complexities and cycles associated with domestic violence and battered women.In order for justice to prevail, it is crucial for the Courts to recognize the legal psychological trauma caused by Battered Womans Syndrome and acknowledge an unaffectionate battered spouse is lots controlled and predominate with raw terror. In many value great strides have been made in enlightening the public and the Courts about domestic violence and the prevalence of Battered Womans Syndrome. However, delusive stereotypes stil l persist and the public often turns a blind eye to the order and implications violence against women imparts. It is uncomfortable to embrace.An ugly verity that corrupts the premise of a safe and sharp family home. Many fear the recent appointments of check conservative Justices to the Supreme Court allow for hinder the strides and human rights made by advocates of battered women who kill in self-defense. The 4 Psychological symbolizes Of Battered Woman Syndrome symbolise One DENIAL The woman refuses to receipt even to herself, that she has been beaten or that there is a problem in her marriage. She may call each incident an accident. She offers excuses for her husbands violence and each time firmly believes it will never happen again.Stage Two immorality She now acknowledges there is a problem, precisely considers herself responsible for it. She deserves to be beaten, she feels because she has defects in her extension and is not living up to her husbands expectations. Stage Three ENLIGHTENMENT The woman no longer assumes responsibility for her husbands abusive treatment, recognizing that no one deserves to be beaten. She is still committed to her marriage though and stays with her husband hoping they can work things out. Stage quartette RESPONSIBILITYAccepting the fact that her husband will not, or cannot, stop his violent behavior, the battered woman decides she will no longer shelve to it and starts a new life (Survivors authorisation order 2007). REFERENCES Balkin Karen F. , (2003) Introduction. Current Controversies Violence Against Women. Ed. Karen F Balkin San Diego Greenhaven Press. Department of Veterans Affairs,(2006). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Dixon Wheeler John. , PhD, JD, An taste on Battered Women, (2003) Grubb v State (2003) South Carolina Court of Appeals. National Center for Post-Traumatic Street Disorder. (2005)What is Battered Womans Syndrome?. National Clearinghouse for the Defense of Battered Women (2006). Planned Pa renthood v. Casey, 112 S. Ct. 2791, 2826-2831 (1992). Rennison, (2001) U. S. Dept of Justice, Bureau of Statistics, Intimate Partner Violence and Age of Victim. 1993-99, . Robinson v State 308 S. C. 74, 417 S. E. 2d 88(1992). Schneider Elizabeth, (2000) Battered Women and Feminist statute law 117,135. State v. Hill, 287 S. C. 398, 339 S. E. 2d 121(1986). Survivors Empowerment Zone (2007). http//www. angelfire. com. Walker, Lenore, E. Ed. D, Forensic Psychology Group, LLC.